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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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yugoslav.4
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1991-04-11
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Economy
Overview: Tito's reform programs 20 years ago changed the
Stalinist command economy to a decentralized semimarket
system but a system that the rigid, ethnically divided political
structure ultimately could not accommodate. A prominent
feature of the reforms was the establishment of workers'
self-management councils in all large plants, which were
to select managers, stimulate production, and divide the
proceeds. The general result of these reforms has been rampant
wage-price inflation, substantial rundown of capital plant,
consumer shortages, and a still larger income gap between
the poorer southern regions and the relatively affluent
northern provinces of Hrvatska and Slovenija. In 1988-89
the beleaguered central government has been reforming the
reforms, trying to create an open market economy with still
considerable state ownership of major industrial plants.
These reforms have been moving forward with the advice and
support of the International Monetary Fund through a series
of tough negotiations. Self-management supposedly is to
be replaced by the discipline of the market and by fiscal
austerity, ultimately leading to a stable dinar. However,
strikes in major plants, hyperinflation, and interregional
political jousting have held back progress. According to
US economic advisers, only a highly unlikely combination
of genuine privatization, massive Western economic investment
and aid, and political moderation can salvage this economy.
GNP: $129.5 billion, per capita $5,464; real growth rate -1.0%
(1989 est.).
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2,700% (1989 est.).
Unemployment rate: 15% (1989).
Budget: revenues $6.4 billion; expenditures $6.4 billion,
including capital expenditures of $NA (1990).
Exports: $13.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--raw
materials and semimanufactures 50%, consumer goods 31%,
capital goods and equipment 19%; partners--EC 30%, CEMA 45%,
less developed countries 14%, US 5%, other 6%.
Imports: $13.8 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--raw
materials and semimanufactures 79%, capital goods and equipment
15%, consumer goods 6%; partners--EC 30%, CEMA 45%, less
developed countries 14%, US 5%, other 6%.
External debt: $17.0 billion, medium and long term (1989).
Industrial production: growth rate -1% (1989 est.).
Electricity: 21,000,000 kW capacity; 87,100 million kWh
produced, 3,650 kWh per capita (1989).
Industries: metallurgy, machinery and equipment, petroleum,
chemicals, textiles, wood processing, food processing, pulp
and paper, motor vehicles, building materials.
Agriculture: diversified, with many small private holdings
and large combines; main crops--corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar
beets, sunflowers; occasionally a net exporter of corn,
tobacco, foodstuffs, live animals.
Aid: donor--about $3.5 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist
less developed countries (1966-88).
Currency: Yugoslav dinar (plural--dinars); 1 Yugoslav dinar
(YD) = 100 paras; note--on 1 January 1990, Yugoslavia began
issuing a new currency with 1 new dinar equal to 10,000 YD.
Exchange rates: Yugoslav dinars (YD) per US$1--118,568 (January
1990), 28,764 (1989), 2,523 (1988), 737 (1987), 379 (1986),
270 (1985); note--as of February 1990 the new dinar is linked
to the FRG deutsche mark at the rate of 7 new dinars per
1 deustche mark.
Fiscal year: calendar year.